Software and Computational Systems Lab

Publications of year 2011

1. Sven Apel, Hendrik Speidel, Philipp Wendler, Alexander von Rhein, and Dirk Beyer. Detection of Feature Interactions using Feature-Aware Verification. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE 2011, Lawrence, KS, November 6-10), pages 372-375, 2011. IEEE. doi:10.1109/ASE.2011.6100075 Keyword(s): Software Model Checking Publisher's Version PDF Supplement
   Abstract

   A software product line is a set of software products that are distinguished in terms of features (i.e., end-user-visible units of behavior). Feature interactions -situations in which the combination of features leads to emergent and possibly critical behavior- are a major source of failures in software product lines. We explore how feature-aware verification can improve the automatic detection of feature interactions in software product lines. Feature-aware verification uses product-line-verification techniques and supports the specification of feature properties along with the features in separate and composable units. It integrates the technique of variability encoding to verify a product line without generating and checking a possibly exponential number of feature combinations. We developed the tool suite SPLverifier for feature-aware verification, which is based on standard model-checking technology. We applied it to an e-mail system that incorporates domain knowledge of AT&T. We found that feature interactions can be detected automatically based on specifications that have only local knowledge.
   BibTeX Entry

   @inproceedings{ASE11, author = {Sven Apel and Hendrik Speidel and Philipp Wendler and Alexander von Rhein and Dirk Beyer}, title = {Detection of Feature Interactions using Feature-Aware Verification}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE~2011, Lawrence, KS, November 6-10)}, pages = {372-375}, year = {2011}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {978-1-4577-1639-3}, doi = {10.1109/ASE.2011.6100075}, url = {http://fosd.net/FAV}, pdf = {https://www.sosy-lab.org/research/pub/2011-ASE.Detection_of_Feature_Interactions_using_Feature-Aware_Verification.pdf}, abstract = {A software product line is a set of software products that are distinguished in terms of features (i.e., end-user--visible units of behavior). Feature interactions ---situations in which the combination of features leads to emergent and possibly critical behavior--- are a major source of failures in software product lines. We explore how feature-aware verification can improve the automatic detection of feature interactions in software product lines. Feature-aware verification uses product-line--verification techniques and supports the specification of feature properties along with the features in separate and composable units. It integrates the technique of variability encoding to verify a product line without generating and checking a possibly exponential number of feature combinations. We developed the tool suite SPLverifier for feature-aware verification, which is based on standard model-checking technology. We applied it to an e-mail system that incorporates domain knowledge of AT&T. We found that feature interactions can be detected automatically based on specifications that have only local knowledge.}, keyword = {Software Model Checking}, }
2. Dirk Beyer and M. Erkan Keremoglu. CPAchecker: A Tool for Configurable Software Verification. In G. Gopalakrishnan and S. Qadeer, editors, Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computer Aided Verification (CAV 2011, Snowbird, UT, July 14-20), LNCS 6806, pages 184-190, 2011. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22110-1_16 Keyword(s): CPAchecker, Software Model Checking Publisher's Version PDF Supplement
   Abstract

   Configurable software verification is a recent concept for expressing different program analysis and model checking approaches in one single formalism. This paper presents CPAchecker, a tool and framework that aims at easy integration of new verification components. Every abstract domain, together with the corresponding operations, implements the interface of configurable program analysis (CPA). The main algorithm is configurable to perform a reachability analysis on arbitrary combinations of existing CPAs. In software verification, it takes a considerable amount of effort to convert a verification idea into actual experimental results - we aim at accelerating this process. We hope that researchers find it convenient and productive to implement new verification ideas and algorithms using this flexible and easy-to-extend platform, and that it advances the field by making it easier to perform practical experiments. The tool is implemented in Java and runs as command-line tool or as Eclipse plug-in. CPAchecker implements CPAs for several abstract domains. We evaluate the efficiency of the current version of our tool on software-verification benchmarks from the literature, and compare it with other state-of-the-art model checkers. CPAchecker is an open-source toolkit and publicly available.
   BibTeX Entry

   @inproceedings{CAV11, author = {Dirk Beyer and M. Erkan Keremoglu}, title = {{{\sc CPAchecker}}: A Tool for Configurable Software Verification}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computer Aided Verification (CAV~2011, Snowbird, UT, July 14-20)}, editor = {G.~Gopalakrishnan and S.~Qadeer}, pages = {184-190}, year = {2011}, series = {LNCS~6806}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg}, isbn = {978-3-642-22109-5}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-22110-1_16}, sha256 = {0b9016de32b714f799da2cf19d3bf8f96cc33069db70beb2e22bbca07c58e2ee}, url = {https://cpachecker.sosy-lab.org}, abstract = {Configurable software verification is a recent concept for expressing different program analysis and model checking approaches in one single formalism. This paper presents CPAchecker, a tool and framework that aims at easy integration of new verification components. Every abstract domain, together with the corresponding operations, implements the interface of configurable program analysis (CPA). The main algorithm is configurable to perform a reachability analysis on arbitrary combinations of existing CPAs. In software verification, it takes a considerable amount of effort to convert a verification idea into actual experimental results --- we aim at accelerating this process. We hope that researchers find it convenient and productive to implement new verification ideas and algorithms using this flexible and easy-to-extend platform, and that it advances the field by making it easier to perform practical experiments. The tool is implemented in Java and runs as command-line tool or as Eclipse plug-in. CPAchecker implements CPAs for several abstract domains. We evaluate the efficiency of the current version of our tool on software-verification benchmarks from the literature, and compare it with other state-of-the-art model checkers. CPAchecker is an open-source toolkit and publicly available.}, keyword = {CPAchecker,Software Model Checking}, }
3. Sven Apel and Dirk Beyer. Feature Cohesion in Software Product Lines: An Exploratory Study. In Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2011, Honolulu, HI, May 21-28), pages 421-430, 2011. ACM Press, New York (NY). doi:10.1145/1985793.1985851 Keyword(s): Structural Analysis and Comprehension Publisher's Version PDF
   Abstract

   Software product lines gain momentum in research and industry. Many product-line approaches use features as a central abstraction mechanism. Feature-oriented software development aims at encapsulating features in cohesive units to support program comprehension, variability, and reuse. Surprisingly, not much is known about the characteristics of cohesion in feature-oriented product lines, although proper cohesion is of special interest in product-line engineering due to its focus on variability and reuse. To fill this gap, we conduct an exploratory study on forty software product lines of different sizes and domains. A distinguishing property of our approach is that we use both classic software measures and novel measures that are based on distances in clustering layouts, which can be used also for visual exploration of product-line architectures. This way, we can draw a holistic picture of feature cohesion. In our exploratory study, we found several interesting correlations (e.g., between development process and feature cohesion) and we discuss insights and perspectives of investigating feature cohesion (e.g., regarding feature interfaces and programming style).
   BibTeX Entry

   @inproceedings{ICSE11, author = {Sven Apel and Dirk Beyer}, title = {Feature Cohesion in Software Product Lines: An Exploratory Study}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE~2011, Honolulu, HI, May 21-28)}, pages = {421-430}, year = {2011}, publisher = {ACM Press, New York (NY)}, isbn = {978-1-4503-0445-0}, doi = {10.1145/1985793.1985851}, url = {}, pdf = {https://www.sosy-lab.org/research/pub/2011-ICSE.Feature_Cohesion_in_Software_Product_Lines_An_Exploratory_Study.pdf}, abstract = {Software product lines gain momentum in research and industry. Many product-line approaches use features as a central abstraction mechanism. Feature-oriented software development aims at encapsulating features in cohesive units to support program comprehension, variability, and reuse. Surprisingly, not much is known about the characteristics of cohesion in feature-oriented product lines, although proper cohesion is of special interest in product-line engineering due to its focus on variability and reuse. To fill this gap, we conduct an exploratory study on forty software product lines of different sizes and domains. A distinguishing property of our approach is that we use both classic software measures and novel measures that are based on distances in clustering layouts, which can be used also for visual exploration of product-line architectures. This way, we can draw a holistic picture of feature cohesion. In our exploratory study, we found several interesting correlations (e.g., between development process and feature cohesion) and we discuss insights and perspectives of investigating feature cohesion (e.g., regarding feature interfaces and programming style).}, keyword = {Structural Analysis and Comprehension}, }
4. Gidon Ernst, Gerhard Schellhorn, and Wolfgang Reif. Verification of B+ trees: an experiment combining shape analysis and interactive theorem proving. In Proc. of Software Engineering and Formal Methods (SEFM), LNCS, pages 188-203, 2011. Springer. PDF
   BibTeX Entry

   @inproceedings{ernst:sefm2011, author = {Gidon Ernst and Gerhard Schellhorn and Wolfgang Reif}, title = {{Verification of B+ trees: an experiment combining shape analysis and interactive theorem proving}}, booktitle = {Proc. of Software Engineering and Formal Methods (SEFM)}, volume = {7041}, pages = {188--203}, year = {2011}, series = {LNCS}, publisher = {Springer}, pdf = {https://www.sosy-lab.org/research/pub/2011-SEFM.Verification_of_B+_trees.pdf}, }
5. Thorsten Bormer, Marc Brockschmidt, Dino Distefano, Gidon Ernst, Jean-Christophe Filliâtre, Radu Grigore, Marieke Huisman, Vladimir Klebanov, Claude Marché, Rosemary Monahan, Wojciech Mostowski, Nadia Polikarpova, Christoph Scheben, Gerhard Schellhorn, Bogdan Tofan, Julian Tschannen, and Mattias Ulbrich. The COST IC0701 verification competition 2011. In Proc. of Formal Verification of Object-Oriented Software (FoVeOOS), LNCS, pages 3-21, 2011. Springer.
   BibTeX Entry

   @inproceedings{ernst:foveoos2011, author = {Thorsten Bormer and Marc Brockschmidt and Dino Distefano and Gidon Ernst and Jean{-}Christophe Filli{\^{a}}tre and Radu Grigore and Marieke Huisman and Vladimir Klebanov and Claude March{\'{e}} and Rosemary Monahan and Wojciech Mostowski and Nadia Polikarpova and Christoph Scheben and Gerhard Schellhorn and Bogdan Tofan and Julian Tschannen and Mattias Ulbrich}, title = {{The COST IC0701 verification competition 2011}}, booktitle = {Proc. of Formal Verification of Object-Oriented Software (FoVeOOS)}, volume = {7421}, pages = {3--21}, year = {2011}, series = {LNCS}, publisher = {Springer}, }
6. Maximilian Junker, Dominik Haneberg, Gerhard Schellhorn, Wolfgang Reif, and Gidon Ernst. Simulating a Flash File System with CoreASM and Eclipse. In Proc. of Dependable Software for Critical Infrastructures (DSCI), GI Lecture Notes in Informatics, 2011. Gesellschaft für Informatik.
   BibTeX Entry

   @inproceedings{ernst:gi2011, author = {Maximilian Junker and Dominik Haneberg and Gerhard Schellhorn and Wolfgang Reif and Gidon Ernst}, title = {{Simulating a Flash File System with CoreASM and Eclipse}}, booktitle = {Proc. of Dependable Software for Critical Infrastructures (DSCI)}, volume = {192}, year = {2011}, series = {GI Lecture Notes in Informatics}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik}, }
7. Gerhard Schellhorn, Bogdan Tofan, Gidon Ernst, and Wolfgang Reif. Interleaved programs and rely-guarantee reasoning with ITL. In Proc. of Temporal Representation and Reasoning (TIME), pages 99-106, 2011. IEEE. PDF
   BibTeX Entry

   @inproceedings{ernst:time2011, author = {Gerhard Schellhorn and Bogdan Tofan and Gidon Ernst and Wolfgang Reif}, title = {{Interleaved programs and rely-guarantee reasoning with ITL}}, booktitle = {Proc. of Temporal Representation and Reasoning (TIME)}, pages = {99--106}, year = {2011}, publisher = {IEEE}, pdf = {https://www.sosy-lab.org/research/pub/2011-TIME.Interleaved_Program_Rely-Guarantee-Reasoning-with-ITL.pdf}, }

1. Sven Apel, Hendrik Speidel, Philipp Wendler, Alexander von Rhein, and Dirk Beyer. Feature-Aware Verification. Technical report MIP-1105, Department of Computer Science and Mathematics (FIM), University of Passau (PA), September 2011. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1110.0021 Keyword(s): Software Model Checking Publisher's Version PDF Supplement
   Abstract

   A software product line is a set of software products that are distinguished in terms of features (i.e., end-user-visible units of behavior). Feature interactions -situations in which the combination of features leads to emergent and possibly critical behavior- are a major source of failures in software product lines. We explore how feature-aware verification can improve the automatic detection of feature interactions in software product lines. Feature-aware verification uses product-line verification techniques and supports the specification of feature properties along with the features in separate and composable units. It integrates the technique of variability encoding to verify a product line without generating and checking a possibly exponential number of feature combinations. We developed the tool suite SPLverifier for feature-aware verification, which is based on standard model-checking technology. We applied it to an e-mail system that incorporates domain knowledge of AT&T. We found that feature interactions can be detected automatically based on specifications that have only feature-local knowledge, and that variability encoding significantly improves the verification performance when proving the absence of interactions.
   BibTeX Entry

   @techreport{TR1105-PA11, author = {Sven Apel and Hendrik Speidel and Philipp Wendler and Alexander von Rhein and Dirk Beyer}, title = {Feature-Aware Verification}, number = {MIP-1105}, year = {2011}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.1110.0021}, url = {http://fosd.net/FAV/}, abstract = {A software product line is a set of software products that are distinguished in terms of features (i.e., end-user--visible units of behavior). Feature interactions ---situations in which the combination of features leads to emergent and possibly critical behavior--- are a major source of failures in software product lines. We explore how feature-aware verification can improve the automatic detection of feature interactions in software product lines. Feature-aware verification uses product-line verification techniques and supports the specification of feature properties along with the features in separate and composable units. It integrates the technique of variability encoding to verify a product line without generating and checking a possibly exponential number of feature combinations. We developed the tool suite SPLverifier for feature-aware verification, which is based on standard model-checking technology. We applied it to an e-mail system that incorporates domain knowledge of AT&T. We found that feature interactions can be detected automatically based on specifications that have only feature-local knowledge, and that variability encoding significantly improves the verification performance when proving the absence of interactions.}, keyword = {Software Model Checking}, annote = {An <a href="https://www.sosy-lab.org/research/bib/Year/2011.complete.html#ASE11">abbreviated version</a> of this article appeared in Proc. ASE 2011.}, institution = {Department of Computer Science and Mathematics (FIM), University of Passau (PA)}, month = {September}, }
   Additional Infos

   An abbreviated version of this article appeared in Proc. ASE 2011.
2. Dirk Beyer, Thomas A. Henzinger, M. Erkan Keremoglu, and Philipp Wendler. Conditional Model Checking. Technical report MIP-1107, Department of Computer Science and Mathematics (FIM), University of Passau (PA), September 2011. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1109.6926 Keyword(s): CPAchecker, Software Model Checking Publisher's Version PDF Supplement
   Abstract

   Software model checking, as an undecidable problem, has three possible outcomes: (1) the program satisfies the specification, (2) the program does not satisfy the specification, and (3) the model checker fails. The third outcome usually manifests itself in a space-out, time-out, or one component of the verification tool giving up; in all of these failing cases, significant computation is performed by the verification tool before the failure, but no result is reported. We propose to reformulate the model-checking problem as follows, in order to have the verification tool report a summary of the performed work even in case of failure: given a program and a specification, the model checker returns a condition P -usually a state predicate- such that the program satisfies the specification under the condition P -that is, as long as the program does not leave states in which P is satisfied. We are of course interested in model checkers that return conditions P that are as weak as possible. Instead of outcome (1), the model checker will return P = true; instead of (2), the condition P will return the part of the state space that satisfies the specification; and in case (3), the condition P can summarize the work that has been performed by the model checker before space-out, time-out, or giving up. If complete verification is necessary, then a different verification method or tool may be used to focus on the states that violate the condition. We give such conditions as input to a conditional model checker, such that the verification problem is restricted to the part of the state space that satisfies the condition. Our experiments show that repeated application of conditional model checkers, using different conditions, can significantly improve the verification results, state-space coverage, and performance.
   BibTeX Entry

   @techreport{TR1107-PA11, author = {Dirk Beyer and Thomas A. Henzinger and M. Erkan Keremoglu and Philipp Wendler}, title = {Conditional Model Checking}, number = {MIP-1107}, year = {2011}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.1109.6926}, url = {https://www.sosy-lab.org/~dbeyer/cpa-cmc/}, abstract = {Software model checking, as an undecidable problem, has three possible outcomes: (1) the program satisfies the specification, (2) the program does not satisfy the specification, and (3) the model checker fails. The third outcome usually manifests itself in a space-out, time-out, or one component of the verification tool giving up; in all of these failing cases, significant computation is performed by the verification tool before the failure, but no result is reported. We propose to reformulate the model-checking problem as follows, in order to have the verification tool report a summary of the performed work even in case of failure: given a program and a specification, the model checker returns a condition P ---usually a state predicate--- such that the program satisfies the specification under the condition P ---that is, as long as the program does not leave states in which P is satisfied. We are of course interested in model checkers that return conditions P that are as weak as possible. Instead of outcome (1), the model checker will return P = true; instead of (2), the condition P will return the part of the state space that satisfies the specification; and in case (3), the condition P can summarize the work that has been performed by the model checker before space-out, time-out, or giving up. If complete verification is necessary, then a different verification method or tool may be used to focus on the states that violate the condition. We give such conditions as input to a conditional model checker, such that the verification problem is restricted to the part of the state space that satisfies the condition. Our experiments show that repeated application of conditional model checkers, using different conditions, can significantly improve the verification results, state-space coverage, and performance.}, keyword = {CPAchecker,Software Model Checking}, annote = {An <a href="https://www.sosy-lab.org/research/bib/Year/2012.complete.html#FSE12">abbreviated version</a> of this article appeared in Proc. FSE 2012.}, institution = {Department of Computer Science and Mathematics (FIM), University of Passau (PA)}, month = {September}, }
   Additional Infos

   An abbreviated version of this article appeared in Proc. FSE 2012.

1. Mehmet Erkan Keremoglu. Towards Scalable Software Analyisis Using Combinations and Conditions with CPAchecker. PhD Thesis, Simon Fraser University, Software Systems Lab, 2011. Keyword(s): CPAchecker, Software Model Checking PDF Supplement
   BibTeX Entry

   @misc{ErkanCMC, author = {Mehmet Erkan Keremoglu}, title = {Towards Scalable Software Analyisis Using Combinations and Conditions with {{\sc CPAchecker}}}, year = {2011}, url = {https://summit.sfu.ca/item/12363}, pdf = {http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/12363/etd7320_MKeremoglu.pdf}, keyword = {CPAchecker,Software Model Checking}, annote = {Now at Microsoft, Redmond, USA}, howpublished = {PhD Thesis, Simon Fraser University, Software Systems Lab}, }
   Additional Infos

   Now at Microsoft, Redmond, USA
2. Andra-Maria Babau. Modeling and Verification of Airport Security Processes using BPMN and Protocol Interfaces: A Case Study. Master's Thesis, University of Passau, Software Systems Lab, 2011. Keyword(s): CPAchecker, Software Model Checking
   BibTeX Entry

   @misc{BabauProtocolInterfaces, author = {Andra-Maria Babau}, title = {Modeling and Verification of Airport Security Processes using {BPMN} and Protocol Interfaces: A Case Study}, year = {2011}, keyword = {CPAchecker,Software Model Checking}, howpublished = {Master's Thesis, University of Passau, Software Systems Lab}, }